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INTRO.TXT
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1987-07-04
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Introduction to the Turbo C Tutorial
The programming language C, was originally developed by
Dennis Ritchie of Bell Laboratories and was designed to run
on a PDP-11 with a UNIX operating system. Although it was
originally intended to run under UNIX, there has been a
great interest in running it under the MS-DOS operating
system and specifically on the IBM PC and compatibles. It
is an excellent language for this environment because of the
simplicity of expression, the compactness of the code, and
the wide range of applicability.
It is not a good "beginning" language because it is
somewhat cryptic in nature. It allows the programmer a wide
range of operations from high level down to a very low level
approaching the level of assembly language. There seems to
be no limit to the flexibility available. One experienced C
programmer made the statement, "You can program anything in
C", and the statement is well supported by my own experience
with the language. Along with the resulting freedom
however, you take on a great deal of responsibility because
it is very easy to write a program that destroys itself due
to the silly little errors that the Pascal compiler will
flag and call a fatal error. In C, you are very much on
your own as you will soon find.
Since C is not a beginners language, I will assume you
are not a beginning programmer, and I will not attempt to
bore you by defining a constant and a variable. You will be
expected to know these basic concepts. You will, however,
be expected to know nothing of the C programming language.
I will begin with the most basic concepts of C and take you
up to the highest level of C programming including the
usually intimidating concepts of pointers, structures, and
dynamic allocation. To fully understand these concepts, it
will take a good bit of time and work on your part because
they not particularly easy to grasp, but they are very
powerful tools. Enough said about that, you will see their
power when we get there, just don't allow yourself to worry
about them yet.
Programming in C is a tremendous asset in those areas
where you may want to use Assembly Language but would rather
keep it a "simple to write" and "easy to maintain" program.
It has been said that a program written in C will pay a
premium of a 50 to 100% increase in runtime because no
language is as compact or fast as Assembly Language.
However, the time saved in coding can be tremendous, making
it the most desirable language for many programming chores.
In addition, since most programs spend 90 percent of their
operating time in only 10 percent or less of the code, it is
possible to write a program in C, then rewrite a small
portion of the code in Assembly Language and approach the
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Introduction to the Turbo C Tutorial
execution speed of the same program if it were written
entirely in Assembly Language.
Even though the C language enjoys a good record when
programs are transported from one implementation to another,
there are differences in compilers as you will find anytime
you try to use another compiler. Most of the differences
become apparent when you use nonstandard extensions such as
calls to the DOS BIOS, but even these differences can be
minimized by careful choice of programming means. Turbo C
follows the developing ANSI standard so well that your
programs developed with Turbo C should be very portable if
you should decide to use a different ANSI standard compiler.
Throughout this tutorial, every attempt will be made to
indicate to you what constructs are available in every C
compiler because they are part of the accepted standard of
programming practice. Most of those constructs will use the
generic name "C", such as in the statement, "writing to a
file is easy in C after you master a few fundamentals." If
a particular construct is a Borland extension to the
language, it will be pointed out as such as an indication to
you that it may not be available on other compilers.
Turbo C is a very capable compiler, but due to the
tremendous versatility of this compiler, it could be very
difficult for you to learn how to use it effectively. If
you are a complete novice to programming, you will probably
find the installation instructions somewhat confusing. The
file on the SOURCE disk named COMPILER.DOC is provided just
for you since it will take you step by step through the
installation procedure and even show you how to compile and
run your first program. You should print out a copy of
COMPILER.DOC at this time and use it as an aid to installing
Turbo C on your system.
This tutorial cannot cover all aspects of programming
in C, simply because there is too much to cover, but it will
instruct you in all you need for the majority of your
programming in C. You will receive instruction in all of
the programming constructs in C, but what must be omitted
are methods of programming since these can only be learned
by experience. More importantly, it will teach you the
vocabulary of C so that you can go on to the more advanced
techniques of using the programming language C.
It would definitely be to your advantage to study the
Turbo C User's Guide at this point to gain experience in how
to edit, compile, and run a C program. You should read
chapter 2 to familiarize yourself with the Integrated
Environment and learn how to use it, and to learn how to use
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Introduction to the Turbo C Tutorial
the full screen editor which is a part of the Turbo C
Integrated Environment.
Remember to read the file COMPILER.DOC To aid you in
compiling your first program.
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